E-Learning Keperawatan: 12/06/08

Saturday, December 06, 2008

CANCER

Author : Vefi Agustin
NPM : 220111080048

Modalities of cancer therapy :
Surgery
Radiation therapy
Chemotherapy - Cytotoxic drugs
- Hormonal therapy
- Biologic response
- Modifiers
- Differentiating
- Drugs
- Antiangiogenesis
- Drugs
- Signal
- Transduction
- Inhibitors
- Monoclonal
- Antibodies
Multimodality and
Adjuvant
Chemotherapy
Bone marrow
Transplantation
Gene Therapy

CRYO , salah satu terapi kanker tanpa operasi

Author : Vefi Agustin
NPM : 220111080048

Di Indonesia saat ini , terapi kanker telah menggunakan cara Cryo tanpa menggunakan pisau bedah. Operasi memang tetap menjadi lini terdepan penanganan kanker.Namun karena pelbagai sebab seperti ketakutan akan pisau atau hambatan psikologis menemukan dirinya akan menjadi cacat, sering di tolak pasien.Terapi tampa menggunakan pisau bedah disebut juga Cryoablation therapy,disingkat Cryo. Meskipun tidak semua kanker bisa disembuhkan secara tuntas dengan tindakan Cryo, namun dari sisi pasien, kualitas hidupnya akan meningkat jauh.
Cryoablasi adalah penggunaan suhu ekstrim rendah ( hingga 75 derajat celcius di bawah nol) untuk menghancurkan sel kanker. Sel kanker berubah menjadi gumpalan es, begitu probe ( jarum) cryo masuk dan bekerja dalam jaringan kanker.
Beberapa keuntungan dari tindakan cryo :

Meminimalisir efek samping pembedahan seperti nyeri, pendarahn dan lainnya.
Meminimalisir kerusakan jaringan sekitar karena cryoablasi terfokus pada kanker.
Dapat di ulang dan berjalan bersamaan dengan terapi standar seperti pembedahan, kemoterapi dan radiasi.
Memungkinkan reseksi tumor didekat pembuluh darah besar karena adanya efek penghangatan oleh aliran darah.
Lebih efektif dari pembedahan untuk mengatasi tumor baru multiple di hepar.
lebih unggul mdari radiofrekwensi ablation untuk tumor berukuran lebih dari 5 cm.
Proses beku cair cepat dan dapat mempercepat nekrosis dan merangsang respons imun pada sel tumor yang tersisa.

GLOBAL WARMING

Author : Vefi Agustin
NPM :220111080048

Pemanasan global terjadi disebabkan meningkatnya suhu rata- rata dipermukaan bumi.

Karena bumi menyerap lebih banyak energi matahari dari pada yang dilepas kembali ke atmosfer ( ruang angkasa ).
Menyebabkan terjadinya peningkatan emisi gas.
Menimbulkan peningkatan panas bumi dan pencairan kutub es.
Pemicu utamanya adalah meningkatnya emisi karbon, akibat penggunaan energi fosil ( bahan bakar minyak, batu bara dan sejenisnya).
Penghasil terbesarnya adalah negeri - negeri industri seperti Amerika,Inggris, Canada, Jepang , China dll.
Ini diakibatkan oleh pola konsumsi dan gaya hidup masyarakat negara - negara utara yang sepuluh kali lipat lebih tinggi dari penduduk negara selatan.

Perubahan iklim mempengaruhi berbagai aspek kehidupan manusia termasuk diantaranya kesehatan.Pemanasan global dapat meningkatkan faktor resiko dan penyakit yang mengancam kesehatan manusia secara global, diantaranya:

Malnutrisi mengakibatkan kematian 3,7 juta jiwa pertahun.
Diare mengakibatkan kematian 1,9 juta jiwa pertahun.
Malaria mengakibatkan kematian 0,9 juta jiwa.

Dampak pemanasan global juga mempengaruhi penipisan ozon antara lain meningkatnya intensitas sinar ultraviolet yang mencapai permukaan bumi menyebabkan gangguan terhadap kesehatan seperti kanker kulit, katarak, penurunan daya tahan tubuh dan pertumbuhan mutasi genetik.
Usaha - usaha untuk mengurangi pemanasan global :
Transportasi :

Hindari menggunakan pesawat terbang untuk jarak kurang dari 500 km.
Tinggalkan mobil dirumah untuk jarak yang tidak terlalu jauh.
Gunakan kendaraan umum, kurangi polusi.
Gunakan sepeda untuk perjalanan jarak pendek
Matikan mobil jika menunggu lebih dari 30 detik.
Panaskan mobil seperlunya.
Periksa tekanan ban mobil, kurangnya tekanan menyebabkan boros bahan bakar.
Turunkan barang dari bagasi jika tidak diperlukan.
Rawatlah sistem pengeluaran polusi kendaraan bermotor anda.

Dikantor dan sekolah :

Matikan perangkat kantor dimalam hari dan saat libur.
Matikan monitor komputer saat istirahat.
Matikan lampu jika tidak digunakan.
Gunakan perangkat kantor hemat energi.
Lakukan audit energi untuk penghematan.
Jangan tinggalkan alat - alat elektronik dalam keadaan stand- by.
Hemat kertas dengan mencetak bolak balik.
Hemat pemakaian tissue.
Mengurangi pemakaian AC gunakan kipas angin.
Menanam pohon disekitar pekarangan anda.
Ikut mendukung kampanye pelestarian alam.

Dirumah :

Tutup kran air dengan rapat.
Hemat air untuk mandi.
Gunakan mesin cuci jika cucian banyak.
Matikan lampu dan alat elektronik jika tidak digunakan.
Panaskan air untuk minum seperlunya.
Pilih alat elektronik hemat energi.
Pasang pemanas bertenaga matahari di atap rumah.
Ganti tissue dengan lap kain.
Mengurangi pemakaian AC , gunakan kipas angin.
Menanam pohon disekitar pekarangan anda.

Gas rumah kaca lepas ke udara saat kita :

Menyalakan TV.
Memasang AC.
Menyalakan lampu.
Menggunakan pengering rambut.
Mengendarai mobil motor.
Bermain video game.
Menyalakan radio.
Menggunakan microwave oven.
Mencuci atau mengeringkan pakaian dengan mesin.
Membuang sampah ketempat penimbunan sampah.
Menggunakan barang - barang produksi pabrik.

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Blog Contents

Florence Nightingales’s Environmental Theory

by Sudiryo NPM 220111080041

Florence Nightingales’s Environmental Theory

Defined Nursing: “The act of utilizing the environment of the patient to assist him in his recovery.”
Focuses on changing and manipulating the environment in order to put the patient in the best possible conditions for nature to act.
Identified 5 environmental factors: fresh air, pure water, efficient drainage, cleanliness/sanitation and light/direct sunlight.
Considered a clean, well-ventilated, quiet environment essential for recovery.
Deficiencies in these 5 factors produce illness or lack of health, but with a nurturing environment, the body could repair itself.

Virginia Henderson’s Definition of the Unique Function of Nursing

By Sudiryo NPM 220111080041

Virginia Henderson’s Definition of the Unique Function of Nursing

Defined Nursing: “Assisting the individual, sick or well, in the performance of those activities contributing to health or it’s recovery (or to peaceful death) that an individual would perform unaided if he had the necessary strength, will or knowledge”.
Identified 14 basic needs :
1. Breathing normally
2. Eating and drinking adequately
3. Eliminating body wastes
4. Moving and maintaining desirable position
5. Sleeping and resting
6. Selecting suitable clothes
7. Maintaining body temperature within normal range
8. Keeping the body clean and well-groomed
9. Avoiding dangers in the environment
10. Communicating with others
11. Worshipping according to one’s faith
12. Working in such a way that one feels a sense of accomplishment
13. Playing/participating in various forms of recreation
14. Learning, discovering or satisfying the curiosity that leads to normal development and health and using available health facilities.

Calixta Roy’s Adaptation Theory

By Sudiryo NPM 220111080041

Calixta Roy’s Adaptation Theory

Viewed humans as Biopsychosocial beings constantly interacting with a changing environment and who cope with their environment through Biopsychosocial adaptation mechanisms.
Focuses on the ability of Individuals., families, groups, communities, or societies to adapt to change.
The degree of internal or external environmental change and the person’s ability to cope with that change is likely to determine the person’s health status.
Nursing interventions are aimed at promoting physiologic, psychologic, and social functioning or adaptation.

Jean Watson’s The Philosophy and Science of Caring

By Sudiryo NPM 220111080041

Jean Watson’s The Philosophy and Science of Caring

Nursing is concerned with promotion health, preventing illness, caring for the sick, and restoring health.
Nursing is a human science of persons and human health-illness experiences that are mediated by professional, personal, scientific, esthetic and ethical human care transactions
She defined caring as a nurturant way or responding to a valued client towards whom the nurse feels a personal sense of commitment and responsibility. It is only demonstrated interpersonally that results in the satisfaction of certain human needs. Caring accepts the person as what he/she may become in a caring environment
Carative Factors:

1. The promotion of a humanistic-altruistic system of values
2. Instillation of faith-hope
3. The cultivation of sensitivity to one’s self and others
4. The development and acceptance of the expression of positive and negative feelings.
5. The systemic use of the scientific problem-solving method for decision making
6. The promotion of interpersonal teaching-learning
7. The provision for supportive, protective and corrective mental, physical, socio-cultural and spiritual environment
8. Assistance with the gratification of human needs
9. The allowance for existential phenomenological forces

Dorothea Orem’s Self-Care Theory

By Sudiryo, NPM 220111080041

Dorothea Orem’s Self-Care Theory

Defined Nursing: “The act of assisting others in the provision and management of self-care to maintain/improve human functioning at home level of effectiveness.”
Focuses on activities that adult individuals perform on their own behalf to maintain life, health and well-being.
Has a strong health promotion and maintenance focus.
Identified 3 related concepts:
1. Self-care - activities an Individual performs independently throughout life to promote and maintain personal well-being.
2. Self-care deficit - results when self-care agency (Individual’s ability) is not adequate to meet the known self-care needs.
3. Nursing System - nursing interventions needed when Individual is unable to perform the necessary self-care activities:
  1. Wholly compensatory - nurse provides entire self-care for the client.
    - Example: care of a new born, care of client recovering from surgery in a post-anesthesia care unit
  2. Partial compensatory - nurse and client perform care, client can perform selected self-care activities, but also accepts care done by the nurse for needs the client cannot meet independently.
    - Example: Nurse can assist post operative client to ambulate, Nurse can bring a meal tray for client who can feed himself
  3. Supportive-educative - nurse’s actions are to help the client develop/learn their own self-care abilities through knowledge, support and encouragement.
- - - Example: Nurse guides a mother how to breastfeed her baby, Counseling a psychiatric client on more adaptive coping strategies.

Madeleine Leininger’s Transcultural Care Theory and Ethno-nursing

Madeleine Leininger’s Transcultural Care Theory and Ethnonursing

Nursing is a learned humanistic and scientific profession and discipline which is focused on human care phenomena and activities in order to assist, support, facilitate, or enable individuals or groups to maintain or regain their well being (or health) in culturally meaningful and beneficial ways, or to help people face handicaps or death.
Transcultural nursing as a learned subfield or branch of nursing which focuses upon the comparative study and analysis of cultures with respect to nursing and health-illness caring practices, beliefs and values with the goal to provide meaningful and efficacious nursing care services to people according to their cultural values and health-illness context.
Focuses on the fact that different cultures have different caring behaviors and different health and illness values, beliefs, and patterns of behaviors.
Awareness of the differences allows the nurse to design culture-specific nursing interventions.

Hildegard Peplau’s Interpersonal Relations Theory

Hildegard Peplau’s Interpersonal Relations Theory

Defined Nursing: “An interpersonal process of therapeutic interactions between an Individual who is sick or in need of health services and a nurse especially educated to recognize, respond to the need for help.
Nursing is a “maturing force and an educative instrument”
Identified 4 phases of the Nurse - Patient relationship:
1. Orientation - individual/family has a “felt need” and seeks professional assistance from a nurse (who is a stranger). This is the problem identification phase.
2. Identification - where the patient begins to have feelings of belongingness and a capacity for dealing with the problem, creating an optimistic attitude from which inner strength ensues. Here happens the selection of appropriate professional assistance.
3. Exploitation - the nurse uses communication tools to offer services to the patient, who is expected to take advantage of all services.
4. Resolution - where patient’s needs have already been met by the collaborative efforts between the patient and the nurse. Therapeutic relationship is terminated and the links are dissolved, as patient drifts away from identifying with the nurse as the helping person.

Faye Glenn Abdellah’s Concept of Twenty One Nursing Problems

by Sudiryo, NPM : 220111080041

Faye Glenn Abdellah’s Concept of Twenty One Nursing Problems

Nursing is broadly grouped into 21 problem areas to guide care and promote the use of nursing judgement.
Nursing is a comprehensive service that is based on the art and science and aims to help people, sick or well, cope with their health needs.

21 Nursing Problems

To maintain good hygiene.
To promote optimal activity; exercise, rest and sleep.
To promote safety.
To maintain good body mechanics
To facilitate the maintenance of a supply of oxygen
To facilitate maintenance of nutrition
To facilitate maintenance of elimination
To facilitate the maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance
To recognize the physiologic response of the body to disease conditions
To facilitate the maintenance of regulatory mechanisms and functions
To facilitate the maintenance of sensory functions
To identify and accept positive and negative expressions, feelings and reactions
To identify and accept the interrelatedness of emotions and illness.
To facilitate the maintenance of effective verbal and non-verbal communication
To promote the development of productive interpersonal relationship
To facilitate progress toward achievement of personal spiritual goals
To create and maintain a therapeutic environment
To facilitate awareness of self as an individual with varying needs.
To accept the optimum possible goals
To use community resources as an aid in resolving problems arising from illness.
To understand the role of social problems as influencing factors

Rosemarie Rizzo Parse’s Theory of Human Becoming

Martha Roger’s Concept of Science of Unitary Human Beings, and Principles of Homeodynamics

By Sudiryo NPM 220111080041

Martha Roger’s Concept of Science of Unitary Human Beings, and Principles of Homeodynamics

Nursing is an art and science that is humanistic and humanitarian. It is directed toward the unitary human and is concerned with the nature and direction of human development. The goal of nurses is to participate in the process of change..
Nursing interventions seek to promote harmonious interaction between persons and their environment, strengthen the wholeness of the Individual and redirect human and environmental patterns or organization to achieve maximum health.
5 basic assumptions:

1. The human being is a unified whole, possessing individual integrity and manifesting characteristics that are more than and different from the sum of parts.
2. The individual and the environment are continuously exchanging matter and energy with each other
3. The life processes of human beings evolve irreversibly and unidirectionally along a space-time continuum
4. Patterns identify human being and reflect their innovative wholeness
5. The individual is characterized by the capacity for abstraction and imagery, language and thought, sensation and emotion